Sepse em pacientes com lesão renal aguda severa / Sepsis in patients with severe acute renal injury

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de sepse e mortalidade dos pacientes com lesão renal aguda em tratamentorenal substitutivo hemodialítico. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, com 44 pacientes. Os dados foramcoletados com questionários e em prontuários, analisados por meio de medidas descritivas (média, mediana,desvio padrão e porcentagens) e apresentados em tabelas. Resultados: as variáveis sociodemográficasrevelaram que 63,6% são do sexo masculino, com idade média 63,3 anos. A sepse foi a principal causa de lesãorenal aguda em 65,9% dos pacientes e a mortalidade foi de 79,5%. O tempo de internação na UTI foi 22,45 ±13,5 dias e o tempo total de hospitalização foi 31,30 ± 21,4 dias. A hemodiálise intermitente foi a maisutilizada em 61,4% dos casos. Conclusão: apesar de campanhas internacionais, a sepse e a sua mortalidadepermanecem altas.

Pressure ulcer as a reservoir of multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli: risk factors for colonization and development of bacteremia

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors that predispose patients who are hospitalized with pressure ulcers (PUs) colonized by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) to develop bacteremia. In addition, we also detected main phenotypes of resistance in infected and uninfected PUs. A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia including patients with Stage II or greater PUs, colonized or not with GNB, from August 2009 to July 2010. Infected ulcers were defined based on clinical signs and on positive evaluation of smears of wound material translated by a ratio of polymorphonuclear cells to epithelial cells ≥2:1, after Giemsa staining. A total of 60 patients with Stage II PUs were included. Of these 83.3% had PUs colonized and/or infected. The frequency of polymicrobial colonization was 74%. Enterobacteriaceae and GNB non-fermenting bacteria were the most frequent isolates of PUs with 44.0% of multiresistant isolates. Among patients who had infected PUs, six developed bacteremia by the same microorganism with a 100% mortality rate. In addition, PUs in hospitalized patients were major reservoir of multiresistant GNB, also a high-risk population for the development of bacteremia with high mortality rates.

Relationship of Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence with the occurrence and severity of psoriasis

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin and joints and has a multifactorial etiology. Recently, it has been suggested that Helicobacter pylori infection may contribute as a trigger for the development of the disease. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of H. pylori seropositivity in patients with psoriasis and to evaluate the relation between disease severity and H. pylori infection. METHODS: H. pylori infection was assessed in psoriatic patients and controls by using H. pylori IgG quantitative enzyme immunoassay (ELISA test). The patients were classified according to the severity of the disease (PASI score). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty six patients with psoriasis (73 females and 53 males); mean age 50.48 years; 65 patients (51.59%) had severe psoriasis, 40 (31.75%) moderate psoriasis and 21 (16.67%) mild psoriasis. Twenty one healthy volunteers included as a control group, mean age of 41.05 years, 13 females and 8 males. One hundred and eleven patients with psoriasis tested serologically, 80 (72.07%) were seropositive compared with 7 positive volunteers (33.33%; P=0.002). Forty-nine (75.38%) patients with severe psoriasis were positive, 25 (62.50%) with moderate psoriasis were positive and 6 (28.57%) with mild psoriasis were positive (P=0.045). Study limitations: none. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori infection influences the development of psoriasis and severity of the disease.

A randomised controlled trial of mini incision or conventional incision for saphenous vein harvesting in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the evolution regarding the complications concerning two types of incision (conventional × mini-incision), for saphenectomy in patients that go under myocardial revascularization or otherwise known as coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS: In January 2012 to August 2013, 66 patients were prospectively selected for coronary artery bypass with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. These were divided into two groups: Conventional and Mini-Incision, with 33 patients in each group chosen in a random fashion and with knowledge of which technique to be used being presented only at the start of the surgery. In the conventional group, the patients received an incision to the lower member of 7-10 cm. The patients in the Mini-Incision group received an incision to the lower member of 3-4 cm, both performed without the use of any special material. RESULTS: The groups were similar in terms of clinical data and in the preoperative period. Males made up a greater part of the group with 63.7% and 81.9% in groups C and M, respectively. Among the complications analysed, edema (p = 0.011), hematoma (p = 0.020), dehiscence (p = 0.012) and infection (p = 0.012), were significantly greater in group C when compared to group M. When the matter comes to the variable in relation to the risk of Surgical Site Infections (SSI), no difference was found between the groups. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery bypass surgery with mini-incision for saphenectomy, demonstrated a lower rate for preoperative complications when compared to saphenectomy under conventional incision procedures.

Frequency of colonization and isolated bacteria from the tip of epidural catheter implanted for postoperative analgesia / Frequência de colonização e bactérias isoladas de ponta de cateter de peridural implantado para analgesia pós-operatória / Frecuencia de colonización y bacterias aisladas de punta de catéter epidural implantado para analgesia postoperatoria

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The increased use of epidural analgesia with catheter leads to the need to demonstrate the safety of this method and know the incidence of catheter colonization, inserted postoperatively for epidural analgesia, and the bacteria responsible for this colonization. METHODS: From November 2011 to April 2012, patients electively operated and maintained under epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia were evaluated. The catheter tip was collected for semiquantitative and qualitative microbiological analysis. RESULTS: Of 68 cultured catheters, six tips (8.8%) had positive cultures. No patient had superficial or deep infection. The mean duration of catheter use was 43.45 h (18-118) (p = 0.0894). The type of surgery (contaminated or uncontaminated), physical status of patients, and surgical time showed no relation with the colonization of catheters. Microorganisms isolated from the catheter tip were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. CONCLUSION: Postoperative epidural catheter analgesia, under these study conditions, was found to be low risk for bacterial colonization in patients at surgical wards. .

OBJETIVOS: O aumento do uso de analgesia pela via peridural com uso de cateteres leva à necessidade de se demonstrar a segurança do método. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a incidência de colonização de cateteres inseridos para analgesia peridural no pós-operatório e as bactérias responsáveis por estas colonizações. MÉTODOS: No período de novembro de 2011 a abril de 2012 foram avaliados pacientes operados eletivamente mantidos sob analgesia por cateter peridural no pós-operatório. A ponta do cateter foi coletada para análise microbiológica semi-quantitativa e qualitativa. RESULTADOS: Seis (8,8%) pontas dos 68 cateteres cultivados apresentaram culturas positivas. Nenhum paciente apresentou infecção superficial ou profunda. O tempo médio de permanência do cateter foi de 43,45 horas (18-118 horas) (p = 0,0894). O tipo de cirurgia (contaminada ou não contaminada), estado físico dos pacientes e tempo cirúrgico não mostraram relação com a colonização dos cateteres. Os micro-organismos isolados da ponta de cateter foram Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Sphingomonas paucimobilis. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que, a analgesia por cateter peridural no pós-operatório, nas condições do presente estudo, revelou-se procedimento com baixo risco de colonização bacteriana em pacientes de enfermarias cirúrgicas. .

OBJETIVOS: El aumento del uso de analgesia por vía epidural con el uso de catéteres nos lleva a la necesidad de demostrar la seguridad del método. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la incidencia de la colonización de catéteres insertados para la analgesia epidural en el postoperatorio y las bacterias responsables de estas colonizaciones. MÉTODOS: En el período de noviembre de 2011 a abril de 2012, se evaluaron pacientes operados electivamente que fueron mantenidos bajo analgesia por catéter epidural en el postoperatorio. La punta del catéter fue recolectada para análisis microbiológico semicuantitativo y cualitativo. RESULTADOS: Seis (8,8%) puntas de los 68 catéteres cultivados presentaron cultivos positivos. Ningún paciente presentó infección superficial o profunda. El tiempo medio de permanencia del catéter fue de 43,45 h (18-118 h) (p = 0,0894). El tipo de cirugía (contaminada o no contaminada), estado físico de los pacientes y tiempo quirúrgico no mostraron relación con la colonización de los catéteres. Los microorganismos aislados de la punta del catéter fueron Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Sphingomonas paucimobilis. CONCLUSIÓN: Concluimos que la analgesia por catéter epidural en el postoperatorio, en las condiciones del presente estudio, mostró ser un procedimiento con bajo riesgo de colonización bacteriana en pacientes quirúrgicos. .

Frequency of colonization and isolated bacteria from the tip of epidural catheter implanted for postoperative analgesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The increased use of epidural analgesia with catheter leads to the need to demonstrate the safety of this method and know the incidence of catheter colonization, inserted postoperatively for epidural analgesia, and the bacteria responsible for this colonization. METHODS: From November 2011 to April 2012, patients electively operated and maintained under epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia were evaluated. The catheter tip was collected for semiquantitative and qualitative microbiological analysis. RESULTS: Of 68 cultured catheters, six tips (8.8%) had positive cultures. No patient had superficial or deep infection. The mean duration of catheter use was 43.45 h (18-118) (p=0.0894). The type of surgery (contaminated or uncontaminated), physical status of patients, and surgical time showed no relation with the colonization of catheters. Microorganisms isolated from the catheter tip were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. CONCLUSION: Postoperative epidural catheter analgesia, under these study conditions, was found to be low risk for bacterial colonization in patients at surgical wards.

The importance of protecting surgical instrument tables from intraoperative contamination in clean surgeries.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the degree of bacterial contamination of surgical instrument tables used in clean surgical procedures, either protected with plastic fields, sterilized with ethylene oxide, or disinfected with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions. This is a randomized clinical trial in which samples were collected from the surfaces of surgical instrument tables before and after each procedure. Microbiological analysis was performed to identify microorganisms and their respective antimicrobial resistance. RESULTS: Bacterial growth in the surgeries using sterilized plastic was 5.71% before and 28.6% after surgery and, 2.9% and 45.7% respectively in surgeries using disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions; no statistical difference was found between the methods. CONCLUSION: both methods present similar protection, however, 70% alcohol and 1% iodine do not generate solid waste.

The importance of protecting surgical instrument tables from intraoperative contamination in clean surgeries / Importância da proteção da mesa de instrumentais cirúrgicos na contaminação intraoperatória de cirurgias limpas / Importancia de la protección de la mesa de instrumentos quirúrgicos en la contaminación intraoperatoria de cirugías limpias

OBJECTIVE: to compare the degree of bacterial contamination of surgical instrument tables used in clean surgical procedures, either protected with plastic fields, sterilized with ethylene oxide, or disinfected with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions. This is a randomized clinical trial in which samples were collected from the surfaces of surgical instrument tables before and after each procedure. Microbiological analysis was performed to identify microorganisms and their respective antimicrobial resistance. RESULTS: Bacterial growth in the surgeries using sterilized plastic was 5.71% before and 28.6% after surgery and, 2.9% and 45.7% respectively in surgeries using disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions; no statistical difference was found between the methods. CONCLUSION: both methods present similar protection, however, 70% alcohol and 1% iodine do not generate solid waste.

OBJETIVO: analisar o grau de contaminação bacteriana da mesa de instrumentais cirúrgicos, após o uso de campo plástico esterilizado por óxido de etileno ou a desinfecção com solução de álcool a 70% e iodo a 1%, em procedimentos cirúrgicos limpos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de experimento clínico randomizado, com coletas de amostras das superfícies das mesas de instrumentais cirúrgicos, antes e depois de cada procedimento, com posterior análise microbiológica para identificação dos microrganismos e sua resistência antimicrobiana. RESULTADOS: nas cirurgias em que o plástico esterilizado foi utilizado, o crescimento bacteriano foi de 5,71% antes e 28,6% após a cirurgia, enquanto que nas desinfecções com solução de álcool a 70% e iodo a 1%, o crescimento foi de 2,9% antes e 45,7% após, sem diferença significativa entre os métodos empregados. CONCLUSÕES: os dois métodos têm poder de proteção semelhante, considerando que o álcool a 70% e iodo a 1% não geram resíduos sólidos.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el grado de contaminación bacteriana de la mesa de instrumentos quirúrgicos en dos casos, después del uso: cubierta protectora plástico de la mesa quirúrgica esterilizada con óxido de etileno o desinfección con solución de alcohol a 70% y yodo a 1%, en procedimientos quirúrgicos limpios. Se trata de un experimento clínico aleatorio, con recolección de muestras de las superficies de las mesas de instrumentos quirúrgicos, antes y después de cada procedimiento, con posterior análisis microbiológica para identificar los microorganismos y la resistencia antimicrobiana. En las cirugías en que el plástico esterilizado fue utilizado, el crecimiento bacteriano fue de 5,71% antes y 28,6% después de la cirugía, en cuanto que en las desinfecciones con solución de alcohol a 70% y yodo a 1%, el crecimiento fue de 2,9% antes y 45,7% después, lo que indica que no hubo diferencia significativa entre los métodos empleados. Los dos métodos tienen poder de protección semejante, considerando que el alcohol a 70% y yodo a 1% no generan residuos sólidos.

Ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate as a sealant after partial cecum resection in rattus norvegicus albinus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the treatment of an injury caused in a partially excluded segment of the mouse gut: the cecum. METHODS: We used 45 male Wistar rats, divided into three equal groups; in all there was performed a partial resection of the cecum. The groups were designated as Group 1: the lesion was treated with application of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, Group 2: suture and application of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, Group 3: purse-string suture. The animals were monitored postoperatively and half of each group was necropsied 14 days after the procedure, the remaining on the 28th. They were subjected to macroscopic evaluation, had cecal samples collected for histological examination and the findings were submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Weight gain after the experiment was different among groups (p=0.028). The presence of microabscesses was higher at 28 days postoperatively in group 2 when compared to group 3 (p=0.003). The collagen deposition on the 28th postoperative day was greater in group 1 (p=0.036) and intensity of inflammation at the 14th postoperative day was greater in group 1 (p=0.045). In the other parameters there was no statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The use of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate was effective in the treatment of cecal stump exclusion of rats as for macroscopic and microscopic findings and postoperative outcome.

O etil-2-cianoacrilato como selante após ressecção parcial de ceco em rattus norvegicus albinus / Ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate as a sealant after partial cecum resection in rattus norvegicus albinus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização do etil-2-cianoacrilato no tratamento de uma lesão provocada em um segmento parcialmente excluso do intestino do rato: o ceco. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 45 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, distribuidos em três grupos iguais, sendo que foi realizada a ressecção parcial do ceco. Os grupos foram denominados como: Grupo 1: a lesão foi tratada com aplicação de etil-2-cianoacrilato; Grupo 2: sutura e aplicação de etil-2-cianoacrilato; Grupo 3: sutura em bolsa. Os animais foram acompanhados no pós-operatório e metade de cada grupo foi necropsiada no 14º e restante no 28º pós-operatório. Dessa forma, foram submetidos à avaliação macroscópica, sendo coletadas amostras do ceco para avaliação histológica e, por fim, realizou-se a análise estatística RESULTADOS: O ganho de peso pós-experimento foi diferente nos grupos (p=0,028). A presença de microabcessos foi maior no 28º dia de pós-operatório no grupo 2, em comparação com o grupo 3 (p=0,003). A deposição de colágeno no 28º dia de pós-operatório foi maior no grupo 1 (p=0,036) e a intensidade da inflamação no 14º dia de pós-operatório foi maior no grupo 1 (p=0,045). Nos demais parâmetros avaliados, não ocorreu diferença estatística. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização do etil-2-cianoacrilato foi efetiva no tratamento do coto cecal excluso de ratos frente à avaliação macroscópica, microscópica e evolução pós-operatória.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the treatment of an injury caused in a partially excluded segment of the mouse gut: the cecum. METHODS: We used 45 male Wistar rats, divided into three equal groups; in all there was performed a partial resection of the cecum. The groups were designated as Group 1: the lesion was treated with application of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, Group 2: suture and application of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, Group 3: purse-string suture. The animals were monitored postoperatively and half of each group was necropsied 14 days after the procedure, the remaining on the 28th. They were subjected to macroscopic evaluation, had cecal samples collected for histological examination and the findings were submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Weight gain after the experiment was different among groups (p=0.028). The presence of microabscesses was higher at 28 days postoperatively in group 2 when compared to group 3 (p=0.003). The collagen deposition on the 28th postoperative day was greater in group 1 (p=0.036) and intensity of inflammation at the 14th postoperative day was greater in group 1 (p=0.045). In the other parameters there was no statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The use of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate was effective in the treatment of cecal stump exclusion of rats as for macroscopic and microscopic findings and postoperative outcome.

Surgical site infections in adults patients undergoing of clean and contaminated surgeries at a university Brazilian hospital / Infecção do sítio cirúrgico em pacientes adultos submetidos a cirurgias limpas e contaminadas em hospital universitário brasileiro

CONTEXT: Surgical site infections are a risk inherent to surgical procedures, especially after digestive surgeries. They occur up to 30 days after surgery, or up to a year later if a prosthesis is implanted. The Surgical-site Infection Risk Index (SIRI), NISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance) methodology, is a method to evaluate the risk of surgical site infections, which takes into account the potential contamination of the surgery, the patient's health status and surgery duration. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation between the surgical-site infection risk index score on the 1st day postoperatively, and the development of surgical site infection up to 30 days postoperatively. METHODS: The postoperative surgical site infections (NNIS) was evaluated by following-up in hospital and as an outpatient. The patients followed prospectively were those submitted to elective surgeries, clean (hernioplasties) or contaminated (colorretal), performed by conventional approach at a university hospital, during the period from June 2007 to August 2008. The mean age of the patients was 55.5 years, 133 (65.5 percent) male; 120 (59.1 percent) submitted to clean surgeries and 83 (40.9 percent) contaminated. RESULTS: The global index of surgical site infections was 10.3 percent; 10 (8.3 percent) in clean procedures and 111(3.2 percent) in contaminated ones. Four (19.1 percent) of the surgical site infections were diagnosed at the time of hospitalization and 17 (80.9 percent) at post-discharge follow-up. Twelve (57.1 percent) of the surgical site infections were superficial, 2 (9.5 percent) deep and 7 (33.3 percent) at a specific site. Of these, 5 (6.6 percent) were in patients classified as SIRI 0 (76); 9 (15 percent) for SIRI 1 (60); 5 (9.1 percent) for SIRI 2 (55) and 2 (16.7 percent) for SIRI 3. CONCLUSION: The global index of surgical site infections and its incidence among contaminated procedures are within the expected limits. On the other hand according to SIRI, the surgical site infection indexes are above the expected standards both for the clean and for the contaminated procedures.

CONTEXTO: As infecções do sítio cirúrgico constituem risco inerente ao ato operatório, principalmente após cirurgias digestivas. Ocorrem até 30 dias após a cirurgia, ou até 1 ano, se houver implante de prótese. O índice de risco de infecção cirúrgica (IRIC), metodologia NISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance), é um método de avaliação do risco de infecções do sítio cirúrgico que considera o potencial de contaminação da cirurgia, o estado de saúde do paciente e o tempo cirúrgico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre a pontuação IRIC no primeiro dia de pós-operatório e o desenvolvimento da infecção do sítio cirúrgico até 30 dias de pós-operatório. Avaliou-se a infecção do sítio cirúrgico (NNIS) pós-operatória através de seguimento à internação e em ambiente de ambulatório. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhados, prospectivamente, pacientes submetidos a cirurgias eletivas, limpas ou contaminadas, realizadas por via convencional em hospital universitário no período de junho de 2007 a agosto de 2008. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 55,5 anos, 133 (65,5 por cento) do sexo masculino; 120 (59,1 por cento) submetidos a cirurgias limpas e 83 (40,9 por cento) contaminadas. O índice global de infecções do sítio cirúrgico foi de 10,3 por cento: 10 (8,3 por cento) em procedimentos limpos e 11 (13,2 por cento) em contaminados. Quatro (19,1 por cento) das infecções do sítio cirúrgico foram diagnosticadas na internação e 17 (80,9 por cento), no seguimento pós-alta. Doze (57,1 por cento) das infecções do sítio cirúrgico foram superficiais: 2 (9,5 por cento) profundas e 7 (33,3 por cento) de sítio específico. Destas, 5 (6,6 por cento) em pacientes classificados como IRIC 0 (76); 9 (15 por cento) para IRIC 1 (60); 5 (9,1 por cento) para IRIC 2 (55) e 2 (16,7 por cento) (2) para IRIC 3. CONCLUSÃO: O índice global de infecções do sítio cirúrgico e sua incidência entre procedimentos contaminados estão dentro dos limites esperados. Avaliados pelo IRIC, os índices de infecções do sítio cirúrgico estão acima dos padrões esperados tanto para os procedimentos limpos quanto para os contaminados.

Testicular histology after intestinal pedicle flap (cecum) apposition in rats / Histologia testicular depois da aposição de um retalho intestinal (ceco) em ratos

PURPOSE: Histological study of vascularization between a cecal pedicle flap and the testicle of Wistar rats. METHODS: Fifty-three rats were studied. G1: submitted to celiotomy (a), mobilization of the right testicle (RT) to the abdomen (b), cecal flap suture to the RT (d) and cavity closure. G1: procedures a, b and d and fixation of RT into abdomen. G3: procedures a, b and d, exposition of RT to air and reposition into scrotum. G4: not operated. Euthanasia and histology was done after 20 days. Histometry and lesions score classification was done. Testicular vascularization was studied with comparison between G1 and G3. A p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The G1 RT diameters were not different to G2 RT and all have decreased size in comparison with RT of G3 and G4. The lesions score in the RT was 5.83 in G1 and 3.3 in G2 without statistical difference. The vascularization's average in G1 was 16.9 vessels in 400X field in the RT. In the G3 this average was 0.96 to the RT and 0.92 to left testicles. The weight's average in G1 was similar with G2 but different of G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: A significant increase of vascularization was observed between the intestinal flap and the rat testicle.

OBJETIVOS: Estudar histologicamente a vascularização entre um retalho cecal e o testículo de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e três ratos foram estudados. G1, submetidos a (a) celiotomia, (b) mobilização do testículo direito (TD) para o abdome, (c) sutura do retalho cecal ao TD, (d) fechamento da cavidade. G2, procedimentos (a, b e d), com o TD fixado no abdome. G3, procedimentos (a, b e d), com exposição do TD ao ar e retorno ao escroto. G4 não operados. Após 20 dias, eutanásia e histologia. Realizou-se histometria e classificação segundo escore de lesão. Avaliou-se a vascularização testicular, comparando-se os grupos 1 e 3. Considerou-se significativo um p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Diâmetros dos TD no G1, iguais ao G2 e diferentes de G3 e G4. O escore de lesão nos TD foi de 5,83 pontos para o G1, de 3,3 pontos para o G2, não havendo diferença significativa, porém diferentes de G3 e G4 (sem lesão). A vascularização no G1 teve média de 16,9 vasos por campo de grande aumento no TD. No G3 a média foi de 0,96 no TD e 0,92 no TE, com diferença significativa. O peso médio do G1 foi igual ao G2 e diferente de G3 e G4. CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento significativo da vascularização entre o retalho e o testículo do rato.

Testicular histology after intestinal pedicle flap (cecum) apposition in rats.

PURPOSE: Histological study of vascularization between a cecal pedicle flap and the testicle of Wistar rats. METHODS: Fifty-three rats were studied. G1: submitted to celiotomy (a), mobilization of the right testicle (RT) to the abdomen (b), cecal flap suture to the RT (d) and cavity closure. G1: procedures a, b and d and fixation of RT into abdomen. G3: procedures a, b and d, exposition of RT to air and reposition into scrotum. G4: not operated. Euthanasia and histology was done after 20 days. Histometry and lesions score classification was done. Testicular vascularization was studied with comparison between G1 and G3. A p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The G1 RT diameters were not different to G2 RT and all have decreased size in comparison with RT of G3 and G4. The lesions score in the RT was 5.83 in G1 and 3.3 in G2 without statistical difference. The vascularization's average in G1 was 16.9 vessels in 400X field in the RT. In the G3 this average was 0.96 to the RT and 0.92 to left testicles. The weight's average in G1 was similar with G2 but different of G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: A significant increase of vascularization was observed between the intestinal flap and the rat testicle.

Surgical site infections in adults patients undergoing of clean and contaminated surgeries at a university Brazilian hospital.

CONTEXT: Surgical site infections are a risk inherent to surgical procedures, especially after digestive surgeries. They occur up to 30 days after surgery, or up to a year later if a prosthesis is implanted. The Surgical-site Infection Risk Index (SIRI), NISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance) methodology, is a method to evaluate the risk of surgical site infections, which takes into account the potential contamination of the surgery, the patient's health status and surgery duration. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation between the surgical-site infection risk index score on the 1st day postoperatively, and the development of surgical site infection up to 30 days postoperatively. METHODS: The postoperative surgical site infections (NNIS) was evaluated by following-up in hospital and as an outpatient. The patients followed prospectively were those submitted to elective surgeries, clean (hernioplasties) or contaminated (colorretal), performed by conventional approach at a university hospital, during the period from June 2007 to August 2008. The mean age of the patients was 55.5 years, 133 (65.5%) male; 120 (59.1%) submitted to clean surgeries and 83 (40.9%) contaminated. RESULTS: The global index of surgical site infections was 10.3%; 10 (8.3%) in clean procedures and 111(3.2%) in contaminated ones. Four (19.1%) of the surgical site infections were diagnosed at the time of hospitalization and 17 (80.9%) at post-discharge follow-up. Twelve (57.1%) of the surgical site infections were superficial, 2 (9.5%) deep and 7 (33.3%) at a specific site. Of these, 5 (6.6%) were in patients classified as SIRI 0 (76); 9 (15%) for SIRI 1 (60); 5 (9.1%) for SIRI 2 (55) and 2 (16.7%) for SIRI 3. CONCLUSION: The global index of surgical site infections and its incidence among contaminated procedures are within the expected limits. On the other hand according to SIRI, the surgical site infection indexes are above the expected standards both for the clean and for the contaminated procedures.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with colon adenomas in a Brazilian university hospital.

CONTEXT: The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and colon neoplasia has been the subject of recent investigations which have produced controversial results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with colonic adenomas and also in patients whose colonoscopy exams were normal. METHODS: After colonoscopy, the individuals were distributed into two groups: patients with colon adenomas (cases) and patients whose colons were normal (controls). The groups were similar regarding age and gender. The individuals of both groups were subjected to a dosage of IgG antibody against H. pylori. The dosage was applied according to the solid phase, chemiluminescent immunometric assay. The chi-square test was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were 30 men and 64 women in each group (94 cases and 94 controls). The mean age of the cases was 59.79 +/- 12.25 years and that of the controls was 58.98 +/- 11.55 years. The H. pylori serology was positive for 66 (70.21%) of the cases and for 51 (54.25%) of the controls. There was a significant difference (P = 0.024). The odds ratio was 1.98 (CI 95%, 0.82-3.15). The prevalence of H. pylori in cases and controls according to gender, histological type and location of the colon lesions showed a significant difference only among women (P = 0.03), among patients with tubular adenomas (P = 0.03), and in those with distal adenomas (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: There is a positive association between H. pylori infection and colonic adenomas. This association is more evident in women, especially for tubular adenomas and distal colonic location.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with colon adenomas in a brazilian university hospital / Soroprevalência de Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com adenomas de cólon em um hospital brasileiro

CONTEXT: The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and colon neoplasia has been the subject of recent investigations which have produced controversial results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with colonic adenomas and also in patients whose colonoscopy exams were normal. METHODS: After colonoscopy, the individuals were distributed into two groups: patients with colon adenomas (cases) and patients whose colons were normal (controls). The groups were similar regarding age and gender. The individuals of both groups were subjected to a dosage of IgG antibody against H. pylori. The dosage was applied according to the solid phase, chemiluminescent immunometric assay. The chi-square test was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were 30 men and 64 women in each group (94 cases and 94 controls). The mean age of the cases was 59.79 ± 12.25 years and that of the controls was 58.98 ± 11.55 years. The H. pylori serology was positive for 66 (70.21 percent) of the cases and for 51 (54.25 percent) of the controls. There was a significant difference (P = 0.024). The odds ratio was 1.98 (CI 95 percent, 0.82-3.15). The prevalence of H. pylori in cases and controls according to gender, histological type and location of the colon lesions showed a significant difference only among women (P = 0.03), among patients with tubular adenomas (P = 0.03), and in those with distal adenomas (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: There is a positive association between H. pylori infection and colonic adenomas. This association is more evident in women, especially for tubular adenomas and distal colonic location.

CONTEXTO: A associação entre a infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori e as neoplasias de cólon tem motivado alguns estudos recentes, porém os resultados ainda são controversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da infecção pelo H. pylori em pacientes com adenomas colônicos e naqueles com cólons normais à colonoscopia. MÉTODOS: Após as colonoscopias, distribuíram-se os indivíduos em dois grupos: pacientes com adenomas de cólon (casos) e pacientes com cólons normais (controles), pareados por idade e sexo. Em ambos os grupos, realizou-se dosagem sérica de IgG contra o Helicobacter pylori através de ensaio imunométrico quimioluminescente em fase sólida. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui ao quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram 94 casos e 94 controles, 30 homens e 64 mulheres em cada grupo. A idade média dos casos e controles foi de 59,79 ± 12,25 anos e 58,98 ± 11,55 anos, respectivamente. A sorologia para Helicobacter pylori foi positiva em 66 (70,21 por cento) casos e em 51 (54,25 por cento) controles, diferença estatisticamente significativa (P = 0,024). O "odds ratio" foi de 1,98 (CI 95 por cento, 0,82 - 3,15). A prevalência de Helicobacter pylori em casos e controles de acordo com o sexo, tipo histológico e localização das lesões no cólon somente apresentou diferença significativa entre as mulheres (P = 0,03), pacientes com adenomas tubulares (P = 0,03) e naqueles com adenomas distais (P = 0,038). CONCLUSÕES: Há associação positiva entre a infecção pelo H. pylori e os adenomas colônicos. Esta relação é mais evidente em mulheres, em adenomas tubulares e de localização colônica distal.

[Study of epidemiological surveillance of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in surgical specialties of a school tertiary referral hospital]. / Estudo de vigilância epidemiológica da profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso em especialidades cirúrgicas de um hospital universitário de nível terciário.

CONTEXT: Postoperative venous thromboembolism is a frequent and severe disease that can lead to pulmonary embolism and post thrombotic syndrome. Although the venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is a proven strategy, an unsuitable indication is observed. OBJECTIVE: To verify the indication of prophylaxis with heparin among patients of several surgical specialties of a School Tertiary Referral Hospital. METHODS: It was accomplished a prospective study during 10 consecutive days in each month, from September to December of 2005, with 360 patients surgically treated in the specialties: General Surgery, Gynecology, Neurosurgery, Ortopedy and Traumatology, Urology and Angiology and Vascular Surgery, identifying risk factors for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the use of heparin prophylaxis according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery. RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty seven patients were evaluated, 24 (6,7%), 128 (35,9%) and 205 (57,4%) were included in low risk, medium risk and high risk for venous thromboembolism, respectively. One hundred and eighty four patients (51,5%) of the sample received prophylactic heparin. Heparin was used in 73,3% of the patients of General Surgery, 16,7% of Gynecology, 50,0% of Neurosurgery, 32,5% of Ortopedy and Traumatology, 37,3% of Urology and 97,7% of Angiology and Vascular Surgery. Only 38,3% of medium risk and 64,4% of high risk patients received prophylactic heparin. Heparin was suitably used in 77,6% of medium risk and in 63,6% of high risk patients. Thrombocytopenia, minor bleeding and major bleeding occurred in 3 (1,6%), 12 (6,5%) and 2 (1,1%) of the patients, respectively. Thromboembolic complications occurred in 6 (1,7%) cases. CONCLUSION: Although the indications of prophylactic heparin to venous thromboembolism are well known, we verify an incomplete adhesion of medical professionals, exposing patients to severe complications.